Previous
studies have reported the absence of a contagious
effect when autistic children view another's yawning.
This result could be due to the difficulty of autistic
children in establishing reciprocal gaze behaviour with
human partners.
Furthermore, the presence of a contagious effect in
autistic children could change according their degree of
functioning. Giganti and Ziello evaluated the contagious
effect of yawning in both autistic children with
different degrees of functioning and in typically
developing children exposed to the viewing and hearing of
others yawn.
Furthermore the frequency and the daily distribution
of spontaneous yawning were evaluated and compared among
three groups. Autism Spectrum Disorder can selectively
affect some behaviour. In autistic children the
contagious effect of yawning is largely impaired, whereas
the spontaneous production and daily distribution are
not. These results support the hypothesis of a link
between contagious yawning and social abilities and the
existence of different processes underlying spontaneous
and contagious yawning.
Les enfants
autistes semblent insensible à la "contagion" du
bâillement
L'absence de sensibilité à la contagion
du bâillement des enfants autistes, a
déjà été rapportée
dans un précédent
article. Leur difficulté à lier un
contact visuel dyadique pourrait en être la cause.
En fait, il est possible que cet état
diffère suivant le niveau d'atteinte
autistique.
En projetant une vidéo de bâillements ou
faisant écouter un enregistrement sonore de
bâillements, Giganti et Ziello ont
évalué l'effet contagieux, chez des enfants
autistes, dont l'atteinte était plus ou moins
profonde, en les comparant à des enfants non
autistes.
Ils ont également évalué la
fréquence et la distribution journalière de
bâillements spontanés et comparé
entre elles les données recueillies des trois
groupes.
Chez les enfants autistes, l'effet contagieux du
bâillement est profondément
altéré, alors que la fréquence des
bâillements spontanés et leur distribution
journalière ne sont pas modifiées. Ces
résultats tendent à confirmer
l'hypothèse d'un lien
phénoménologique entre contagion du
bâillement et aptitude à lier un lien social
apparenté à l'empathie. Il en
résulte qu'il est probable que les
bâillements spontanés et les
bâillements contagieux font intervenir des
processus neuropsychologiques différents.
Empathy, a defining feature of human interpersonal
interaction, is crucial for sharing and comprehending
another person's feelings and intentions and may
ultimately shape our prosocial behavior. Broadly
speaking, empathy is a complex construct ranging from
low-level mechanisms such as contagion to higher-order
processes such as perspective taking and mentalizing.
Following Lipps's original concept that empathy allows
one to access the inner state of others by "feeling into
them", recent neuroscientific models postulate that
watching or imagining another person's mental state
automatically triggers the representation of the same
state in the observer. Accordingly, observing facial
expressions of disgust activates those sectors of the
insula and the cingulate cortex that are involved in
first-person experience of disgust. Similarly, observing
another person being touched elicits the activation of
somatosensory systems involved in first-person tactile
perception. Thus, observing emotions or bodily sensations
results in brain activations largely overlapping those
occurring during the direct experience of the same
feelings, which suggests that empathic brain responses
may rely on resonant, mirror-like systems.
Resonant mirror-like systems may constitute the
neural mechanism underlying embodied simulative processes
grounding our social understanding and empathic response.
Interestingly, on the basis of anatomic and
neurophysiologic findings, underactivation of mirror
systems has recently been posited as a crucial feature of
autism spectrum conditions.
A series of compounds structurally related to pramipexole
were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as ligands for
the dopamine 3 (D3) receptor. Compound 12 has a Ki value
of 0.41 nM to D3 and a selectivity of >30000- and
800-fold over the D1-like and D2 receptors, respectively.
Our in vivo functional assays showed that this compound
is a partial agonist at the D3 receptor with no
detectable activity at the D2 receptor.
These studies showed that yawning in rats
provides a sensitive measure of in vivo agonist activity
at the dopamine D3 receptor, while the induction of
hypothermia has been shown to be mediated by agonist
activity at the D2 receptor. Consistent with the data
obtained in previous studies, increases in yawning
were observed more specifically with one of the
ligands.
Chen, Collins et coll ont testé une
série de composés, structuralement proches
de l'agoniste dopaminergique pramipexole, afin de les
évaluer comme ligand des récepteurs D3. Ils
ont ainsi isolé le composé 12 très
spécifique et indemme d'activité sur les
récepteurs D2.
Ces études montrent que le
bâillement permet une analyse sensible de
l'activité, in vivo, des récepteurs D3
à la dopamine, alors que l'induction d'une
hypothermie précise l'activité des
récepteurs D2. L'une des ligands
étudiés a ainsi montré son effet
puissamment inducteurs de bâillements.
-Canales
JJ, Iversen SD Psychomotor activating effects
mediated by dopamine D2 and D3 receptors in the nucleus
accumbens Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000; 67;161-168
-Canales
JJ, Iversen SD Dynamic dopamine receptor interactions
in the core and shell of nucleus accumbens differentially
coordinate the expression of unconditioned motor
behaviors Synapse 2000; 36; 297-306
-Collins
GT, JM Witkin et al Dopamine agonist-induced yawning
in rats: a dopamine d3 receptor mediated behavior. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;314(1):310-319
-Collins
GT, Newman AH,Woods JH et al.Yawning and hypothermia
in rats: effects of dopamine D3 and D2 agonists and
antagonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl).
2007;193(2):159-170
-Collins
GT. et al. Food restriction alters
pramipexole-induced yawning, hypothermia, and locomotor
activity in rats: Evidence for sensitization of dopamine
D2 receptor-mediated effects. JEPT 2008;325:691-697
-Collins
GT et al. Narrowing in on compulsions: dopamine
receptor functions Exp Clin Psychopharmacol
2008,16(4):498,502
Based on studies in the rat, Sokoloff et al. have
made the valuable suggestion that the D3 receptor is a
particularly important target for antipsychotics in the
mesolimbic DA system. These study in the human
demonstrates that the distribution of D3 receptors and D3
mRNA-bearing neurons is consistent with relative
segregation of the D3 subtype to the limbic striatum as
well as it primary and secondary targets and many sources
of its afferents.
Mr. A was a 24-year-old man, with no previous history
of medical or psychiatric disorders. He suffered from
dysphoric mood, loss of interest, difficulty in
concentration, and suicidal ideation for eight weeks and
was diagnosed with a first episode of major depressive
disorder.
The results of his physical and neurological
examinations were normal. Prior to the start of
antidepressant treatment, he was psychotropic drug
naïve. During antidepressant treatment, he did not
take any concurrent drugs or herbal medication.
He began to receive 75 mg/day of venlafaxine extended
release (XR) for major depressive disorder. After four
weeks of 75 mg/day of venlafaxine XR, the dose of
venlafaxine XR was increased to 150 mg/day due to
inadequate response. His depressive symptoms
significantly improved after two weeks of receiving
venlafaxine XR at 150 mg/day.
But he experienced excessive yawning seven
days following the increment of the venlafaxine dose. The
yawning was not associated with drowsiness, yet he
was unable to intentionally stop himself from yawning. He
had more than 50 occurrences of yawning daily,
frequently in the morning.
He was disturbed by this effect, as the
yawning occurred during his daily activities and
interpersonal interactions. The patient worried that
others would interpret the yawning as a sign of
indifference or boredom.
At the patient's request, the dose of venlafaxine XR
was reduced to 75 mg/day and yawning completely
disappeared within three days thereafter. His depressive
symptoms did not recur.
Ce cas clinique chinois
rapporte l'observation d'un homme de 24 ans ne prenant
que de la Venlafaxine pour un épisode
dépressif, et qui se mit à bâiller
plus de 50 fois par jour quand il passa de 75 mg à
150 mg par jour. Les bâillements excessifs
s'estompèrent, en trois jours, après
réduction de la dose.
Universa medicina. primum quidem studio &
diligentia Guiljelmi Plantii ... nunc autem notis,
observationibus, & remediis secretis Ioann. &
Othonis Heurni ... et aliorum praestantissimorum
medicorum scholiis illustrata. Cui accedunt casus &
observationes rariores, quas ... Otho Heurnius ... in
diario practico annotavit ... Adjectus est index
locupletissimus.
Extrait de : Les VII livres de la physiologie traduit
en français par Charles de Saint-Germain
Olivier Walusinski &
Bertrand Deputte (the founders) look forward to your
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PAYPAL
It is also working on the first
book in English specifically dedicated to yawning, to be
published by Karger in Switzerland as part of their
series entitled "Frontiers
of Neurology and Neurosciences",
Julien Bogousslavsky, Editor.
FICY is bringing together leading
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L'association
pour la recherche sur le bâillement a
été fondéele
1 mars 2009.
L'association a pour
but:
- de promouvoir le
développement des recherches dans tous les
domaines de l'étude du comportement nommé
bâillement;
- d'organiser les échanges
entre chercheurs, notamment par l'organisation de
colloques, de conférences internationales, de
séminaires ou par tout autre moyen qu'elle jugera
utile;
- de stimuler les relations entre
la recherche fondamentale et clinique aussi bien chez
l'Homme que l'animal;
- d'assurer la diffusion des
connaissances;
- de favoriser les échanges
et collaborations au niveau international.
et l'édition du premier
livre consacré au bâillement en anglaispublié par Karger éditeur (Bâle,
Suisse) dans la collection dirigée par Julien
Bogousslavsky: Frontiers
of Neurology and Neurosciences.
"A mesure que nous
faisons des progrès dans l'observation, nous
sommes forcés d'avouer que dans cette partie, les
anciens sont nos maîtres; il semblent avoir tout
prévu, tout deviné; leur sagacité
naturelle, leur patience leur tenaient lieu des
lumières que les siècles postérieurs
nous ont fournies."
"As we make progress in
observation, we are obliged to admit that, in this area,
the ancients are our masters; they seem to have foreseen
everything, divined everything; their natural ingenuity,
their patience took the place of the enlightenment which
later centuries gave us."
"Bordeu s'attacha toujours
à prouver que tout ne s'explique pas dans les
fonctions vitales par les simples lois de la
mécanique ou de la chimie et qu'il faut admettre
une force spéciale pour en rendre compte; il la
nomme sensibilité et il attribue à chaque
organe une sensibilité qui lui est
propre."
