The most accurate
review. A conclusion to discuss ....
Yawning is a phylogenetically old behaviour that can
be observed in most vertebrate species from foetal stages
to old age. The origin and function of this conspicuous
phenomenon have been subject to speculations for
centuries. Here, the authors review the experimental
evidence for each of these hypotheses. It is found
that theories ascribing a physiological role to yawning
(such as the respiratory, arousal, or thermoregulation
hypotheses) lack evidence. Conversely, the notion that
yawning has a communicative function involved in the
transmission of drowsiness, boredom, or mild
psychological stress receives increasing support from
research in different fields. In humans and some other
mammals, yawning is part of the action repertoire of
advanced empathic and social skills.
AC.
Gallup stresses : "Due to the ubiquity of this
behavior across vertebrates, and the regularity of its
occurrence in a number of different physiological states
and social contexts, it is likely that instead of serving
one purpose, yawning is multifunctional across a number
of species. The most parsimonious explanation for the
origin of yawning suggests that any social value is a
derived feature, while the primitive feature or function
is physiological".
AC Gallup suggests to see yawning as a brain cooling
mechanism. H
Elo has shown, by calculations, that the temperature
decreases claimed to occur during those attacks are
physically impossible. In fact, any significant decrease
of body temperature as a result of a few yawns is
physically impossible except if yawning causes massive
sweating. The same is true of any significant cooling of
the brain, taking into account the following potential
cooling mechanisms: evaporation of water (lungs/airways),
conductive heat losses, thermal radiation, and
deceleration of metabolism.
Adrian Guggisberg presents his
work during FICY in Paris 2010, june 24
La revue la plus
détaillée jamais publiée de toutes
les hypothèses élaborées pour
répondre à la question : "Pourquoi
bâillons-nous ?".La conclusion proposée reste à
discuter.
A. Guggisberg et al. présentent la revue la
plus complète, à ce jour, de toutes les
hypothèses formulées pour donner un sens au
bâillement. Toutes sont discutées en
détails. C'est l'occasion pour eux de reprendre
leurs travaux publiés en 2007 et
présentés par Adrian
durant FICY 2010 en juin à La
Salpêtrière (photo ci-dessus) tendant
à infirmer l'hypothèse d'un effet de
stimulation de l'éveil par absence de
modficiations EEG et autonomiques, d'après leurs
expériences. Ne voir qu'un outil comportementale
de lien social, tel que proposé par les auteurs ne
permet pas la prise en compte de multiples facettes du
bâillement, comme sa présence chez des
animaux ne vivant pas en groupes sociaux ou son
apparition précoce lors de la vie foetale. AC
GAllup présente un argumentaire
détaillé mais sa théorie de
"refroidissement" cérébral n'apparait pas
actuellement démontré et de nombreux
arguments développés par H.
Elo le précisent.
Yawning has several
convenient properties that make it ideal for
cross-species research
The principal interest in cross-species contagious
yawning is its potential link with social cognitive
capacities.
Nonconscious mimicry ('chameleon effect') is well
documented in humans and refers to an individual's
tendency to imitate a social partner's behaviours without
either party's awareness or intent.
The present study reaffirms the frequent occurrence
of behavioral mimicry while also providing additional
evidence that individual differences, those related to
different aspects of self-monitoring, may play a role in
one's likelihood of mimicking another person's behaviors.
The present findings also indicate that not all behaviors
are equally likely to be mimicked. Perhaps both mimicry
and self-monitoring are not as effortless and automatic
as was once believed, but can be consciously directed
processes that help us achieve our social interaction
goals
Le
bâillement a des caractéristiques qui le
rendent pertinent en vue de recherches entre
espèces
L'intérêt principal d'étudier la
contagion du bâillement entre différentes
espèces est d'appréhender, d'une
façon originale et novatrice, les capacités
cognitives nécessaires à la vie
sociale.
Les phénomènes mimétiques
inconscients («l'effet
caméléon ») sont bien connus et
documentés chez l'humain: c'est la tendance
instinctive involontaire d'imiter le comportement d'un
partenaire et sans que celui-ci ne le remarque. Cette
étude confirme la fréquente occurrence de
ce comportement mais apporte aussi quelques
données nouvelles concernant des
différences inter-individuelles, en particulier
celles liées à différents aspects
d'auto-appréciation. Ceci peut permettre de
prédire la facilité à mimer
quelqu'un d'autre. Cette étude montre aussi
que tous les comportements ne sont pas mimés avec
les mêmes fréquences et
facilités.
Peut-être que mimétisme et
auto-contrôle ne sont pas aussi faciles et
automatiques que nous le croyons auparavant. Ce processus
plus ou moins conscient aiderait à créer et
entretenir les interactions sociales.
Capuchin monkeys
display affiliation toward humans who imitate
them.
Paukner A, Suomi SJ, Visalberghi E, Ferrari PF.
Laboratory of Comparative
Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes
of Health Animal Center
Science.
2009;325(5942):880-883.
Capuchin monkeys
display affiliation toward humans who imitate
them.
During social interactions, humans often
unconsciously and unintentionally imitate the behaviors
of others, which increases rapport, liking, and empathy
between interaction partners. This effect is thought to
be an evolutionary adaptation that facilitates group
living and may be shared with other primate species.
Here, we show that capuchin monkeys, a highly social
primate species, prefer human imitators over
non-imitators in a variety of ways: The monkeys look
longer at imitators, spend more time in proximity to
imitators, and choose to interact more frequently with
imitators in a token exchange task. These results
demonstrate that imitation can promote affiliation in
nonhuman primates. Behavior matching that leads to
prosocial behaviors toward others may have been one of
the mechanisms at the basis of altruistic behavioral
tendencies in capuchins and in other primates, including
humans.
Fureix
C et al. Co-occurrence
of yawning and stereotypic behaviour in horses. ISRN
Zoology. 2011
Horse in
pain
Excessive sweating, pawing, rolling, looking at their
belly, lying down at unusual times, and tail wringing
usually associated with the stamping of the hind feet(
particularly if there are no flies) are all signposts
that the horse has some form of abdominal pain. Other
symptoms also include repeated yawning or grinding of
their teeth, refusal to eat( still apparent from the
first sign), a depressed attitude, a change in the
appearance or consistency of manure( watery, too solid,
etc.
Reconnaître
un cheval souffrant
Les signes évocateurs de coliques chez le
cheval sont: une transpiration excessive, taper du sabot,
se rouler sur le sol en regardant le ventre, se coucher
à des moments inhabituels et battre de la queue
(en particulier, s'il n'y a pas de mouche). On peut noter
également d'autres symptômes comme des
bâillements répétés, la
rétraction des lèvres faisant voir les
dents, le refus de s'alimenter (toujours comme premier
signe), un changement d'apparence du crottin, devenant
aqueux ou trop solide, etc.
