- Ghazi-Khansari,
M., N. Rezvani, et al. (1998). "Effects of
lead exposure on licking and yawning behaviour
in rats." Pharmacol Toxicol 83(3): 120-4.
In the present study, effects of lead
exposure on licking and yawning behaviour have
been studied. The dopaminergic receptor agonist,
apomorphine (0.15, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg), induced
dose-dependent licking in rats. The maximum
response was obtained with 0.5 mg/kg of the
apomorphine. Lead acetate (0.05%) exposure
significantly increased apomorphine-induced
licking. Yawning induced by the D2 dopaminergic
agonist, bromocriptine (2, 3, 4, 8 mg/kg), and
the cholinergic drug, physostigmine (0.1 or 0.3
mg/kg), was significantly decreased by lead
acetate (0.05%) exposure. It may be concluded
that the behaviour induced by dopaminergic or
cholinergic agents can be affected by lead
subchronic exposure.
Zarrindast, M.
R. and M. Poursoltan (1989). "Interactions
of drugs acting on central dopamine receptors
and cholinoceptors on yawning responses in the
rat induced by apomorphine, bromocriptine or
physostigmine." Br J Pharmacol 96(4):
843-8.
- 1. Yawning was induced by subcutaneous
(s.c.) injection of low doses of apomorphine to
rats. This effect decreased with increasing
doses of the drug.
- 2. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment of
animals with sulpiride (D2-receptor blocker)
reduced the frequency of the yawns induced by
apomorphine, while SCH 23390 (D1-receptor
blocker, s.c.) pretreatment increased the small
number of yawns which was induced by higher
doses of apomorphine. Administration of SCH
23390 alone to rats also produced a low degree
of yawning.
- 3. Apomorphine-induced yawning was decreased
in animals treated with SK&F 38393
(D1-agonist, i.p.), atropine (i.p.) or
theophylline (i.p.).
- 4. Intraperitoneal injection of
bromocriptine (D2-agonist) in rats also induced
dose-dependent yawning. The effect was decreased
in animals pretreated with sulpiride, while SCH
23390 pretreatment did not change
bromocriptine-induced yawning significantly.
Pretreatment of animals with SK&F 38393,
atropine or theophylline reduced the number of
yawns induced by bromocriptine.
- 5. Physostigmine (i.p.) but not neostigmine
(i.p.) also induced yawning. The effect was
antagonized by atropine or theophylline but not
by sulpiride. Administration of SK}F 38393
decreased yawning induced by physostigmine. This
inhibitory influence of SK&F 38393 was
reduced by SCH 23390 in pretreated animals.
Treatment of animals with SCH 23390 or
bromocriptine increased the frequency of yawns
induced by physostigmine.
- 6. It is concluded that D2-receptor
activation elicits yawning through influence on
cholinergic mechanisms, whereas D1-receptor
stimulation decreases yawning behaviour by a
negative influence on the cholinergic
system.
-
- Zarrindast,
M. R. and A. Jamshidzadeh (1992).
"Inhibitory effect of morphine on yawning
induced by cholinoceptor and dopamine D2
receptor activation in rats." Br J Pharmacol
105(3): 675-8.
- 1. Bromocriptine (2, 4 and 8 mg kg-1, i.p.),
physostigmine (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg-1, i.p.)
and pilocarpine (1, 3 and 5 mg kg-1, i.p.)
induced dose-dependent yawning in rats.
- 2. These responses were reduced in a
dose-dependent manner by pretreatment with
morphine.
- 3. The inhibitory effect of morphine was
reversed by naloxone.
- 4. Naloxone alone induced slight but
significant yawning.
- 5. The present results suggest that morphine
inhibits yawning in rats at an opiate receptor
downstream from the sites at which cholinoceptor
and dopamine D2 activation induce yawning. The
anatomical location of these sites remains to be
established.
Zarrindast, M.
R., V. Toloui, et al. (1995). "Effects of
GABAergic drugs on physostigmine-induced yawning
in rats." Psychopharmacology (Berl) 122(3):
297-300.
In the present work the effects of GABA
agonists and antagonists on yawning induced by
physostigmine have been studied.
Intraperitoneally (IP) injection of
physostigmine (0.05-0.3 mg/kg) induced
dose-related yawning in rats. The maximum
yawning response was observed with 0.2 mg/kg of
the drug. The GABA agonists muscimol (1-4 mg/kg)
and baclofen (0.125-1 mg/kg) decreased yawning
induced by physostigmine (0.2 mg/kg) dose
dependently. Combination of both GABA agonists
elicited greater inhibition of yawning. The
GABA-A antagonists bicuculline or picrotoxin but
not the GABA-B antagonist phaclofen reduced the
inhibitory response induced by muscimol, whereas
phaclofen but not bicuculline or picrotoxin
reduced baclofen's inhibitory effect.
Administration of bicuculline, picrotoxin or
phaclofen also decreased the yawning induced by
physostigmine. However, when the GABA-A and
GABA-B antagonists were employed in combination,
the inhibitory responses of both drugs were
lost. It is concluded that GABA-A and/or GABA-B
receptor stimulation may inhibit
physostigmine-induced yawning.
Zarrindast,
M. R., F. Fatehi, et al. (1995). "Effects of
adenosine agents on apomorphine-induced yawning
in rats." Psychopharmacology (Berl) 122(3):
292-6.
In the present work, adenosine agonists and
antagonists on apomorphine-induced yawning in
rats was investigated. Subcutaneous (SC)
injection of apomorphine (0.02, 0.05 and 0.1
mg/kg) induced dose-dependent yawning behaviour
in rats. Intracerebroventricular (ICV)
administration of different doses of the drug
(1, 3, 5 micrograms/rat) also caused a
dose-related yawning. ICV administration of the
adenosine receptor agonists
5-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and
N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) decreased
apomorphine-induced yawning. The response
induced by the adenosine agonists was reduced by
8-phenyladenosine (8-PT) pretreatment. The
yawning induced by SC and ICV administration of
apomorphine was decreased by ICV or IP injection
of theophylline, respectively. It is concluded
that at least A1 adenosine receptors may exert
negative influence on the apomorphine-induced
yawning. However, the exact mechanism(s) of
adenosine receptors in this behaviour remain to
be established.
Zarrindast,
M. R., R. Adeli, et al. (1995). "Effects of
adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists on
physostigmine-induced yawning." Eur J Pharmacol
276(1-2): 3-7.
The effect of adenosine receptor agonists and
antagonists on physostigmine-induced yawning was
investigated in intact or cannulated rats.
Intraperitoneal (i.p.) or
intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration
of physostigmine to rats induced yawning dose
dependently. I.p. or i.c.v. treatment of the
animals with atropine, theophylline,
5-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) or
N6-cyclohexyladenosine reduced the yawning
induced by i.p. injection of physostigmine. I.p.
administration of theophylline decreased the
yawning induced by i.c.v. injection of
physostigmine. The inhibitory action of
N6-cyclohexyladenosine (i.p.) also was decreased
by 8-phenyltheophylline (i.p.) pretreatment. It
is concluded that yawning induced by a central
cholinergic mechanism and a central adenosine
mechanism interacts with the cholinergic-induced
behaviour.
Zarrindast, M.
R., S. Fazli-Tabai, et al. (1999).
"Influence of different adrenoceptor agonists
and antagonists on physostigmine-induced yawning
in rats." Pharmacol Biochem Behav 62(1):
1-5.
In the present study, effects of adrenoceptor
agonists and antagonists on
physostigmine-induced yawning was investigated.
Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of different
doses of physostigmine (0.03, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2
mg/kg) induced yawning in rats. The maximum
response was obtained by 0.2 mg/kg of the drug.
The alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine,
and the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine,
decreased yawning induced by physostigmine.
Prazosin and higher doses of phenoxybenzamine
reduced the inhibitory effect of phenylephrine.
Higher doses of yohimbine also reduced the
clonidine response. The adrenoceptor
antagonists, prazosin, phenoxybenzamine, and
propranolol, did not significantly alter the
physostigmine response. However, yohimbine, or
lower doses of prazosin, decreased the
physostigmine response. It may be concluded that
alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation
decreases the physostigmine-induced yawning
behavior in rats.
-
- MR Zarrindast
, M Sahebgharani , W McIntyre Burnham The
effect of electroconvulsive shock seizures on
behaviour induced by dopaminergic agonists and
on immobility in the Porsolt test Europ Neuro
Psychopharmacol 2004; 14; 6; 509-514
-
- Zarrindast M, K
Nojoomi et al Nitric oxide agents and
apomorphine induced rat behaviors Pharmacology
2004; 71; 169-173
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