As a dark and not fully understood side of human
nature, yawning is believed to be a signs of various
physiological or pathological behaviors of human. In this
study, the authors aimed to investigate the importance of
yawning in the evaluation of sleepiness.
One hundred and twenty-nine snorers who were
suspected to have obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
underwent polysomnography and were asked to fill the
Epworth sleepiness scale.
The number of yawnings of patients was counted during
the day following polysomnography. Patients were
stratified into two groups: those have apnea hypopnea
index <5 (n = 43, group 1) and those have apnea
hypopnea index >30 (n = 86, group 2).
Mean duration of sleep phases, oxygen saturations,
sleep efficacies, yawning frequencies and Epworth scores
of the groups were compared. Correlations of yawning
frequency with Epworth scores, duration of sleep phases
and mean oxygen saturations were investigated. Sleep
efficacies were similar between the groups (p >
0.05).
Yawning frequencies in group 1 and group 2 were 43.48
and 75.76 (mean rank), respectively (p < 0.01). Mean
N1, N2, N3 phase durations and oxygen saturations were
significantly lower in group 2 (p < 0.01). While there
was a negative correlation between yawning frequency and
duration of the non-REM phases and mean oxygen saturation
(r = -0.53 and r = -0.31, respectively, p < 0.05),
yawning frequency was positively correlated with Epworth
scores (r = 0.46, p < 0.05).
In addition to the shortened phases of sleep,
increased Epworth score and decreased oxygen saturation,
increased yawning frequency may indicate sleep
deprivation.
Une élévation
de la fréqunce des bâillements est un
symptôme d'une dette de sommeil
Comme un côté sombre et incompris de la
nature humaine, le bâillement est
considéré comme un des signes de divers
comportements physiologiques ou pathologiques de l'homme.
Dans cette étude, les auteurs visent à
enquêter sur l'importance de bâillements dans
l'évaluation de la somnolence.
Cent vingt-neuf ronfleurs suspects d'avoir un
syndrome d'apnées obstructives du sommeil ont subi
une polysomnographie et ont rempli l'échelle de
somnolence d'Epworth.
Le nombre de bâillements de patients a
été compté pendant la journée
suivant une polysomnographie. Les patients ont
été répartis en deux groupes: ceux
qui ont un index d'apnées hypopnées < 5
(n = 43, groupe 1) et ceux qui ont un index
d'apnées hypopnées > 30 (n = 86, groupe
2).
La durée moyenne des phases de sommeil, la
saturation en oxygène, l'efficacité du
sommeil, la fréquence des bâillements et le
score d'Epworth ont été comparés
entre les deux groupes. L'efficacité du sommeil
était similaire dans les deux groupes.
La fréquence des bâillements dans le
groupe 1 et le groupe 2 étaient 43,48 et 75,76
(moyenne), respectivement (p < 0,1). Les durées
moyennes des stades N1, N2, N3 du sommeil et la
saturation en oxygène étaient
significativement plus faibles dans le groupe 2. Alors
qu'il y a une corrélation négative entre la
fréquence des bâillements et la durée
des phases non REM du sommeil ainsi que de la saturation
en oxygène, la fréquence des
bâillements est positivement corrélée
avec le score d'Epworth.
En plus des phases de sommeil
écourtées, l'élévation du
score d'Epworth et une diminution de la saturation en
oxygène, la fréquence accrue des
bâillements peut être un indicateur de la
privation de sommeil.
Physiological
contagion of temperature and empathy
During social interactions, our own physiological
responses influence those of others. Synchronization of
physiological (and behavioural) responses can facilitate
emotional understanding and group coherence through
inter-subjectivity. Here we investigate if observing cues
indicating a change in another's body temperature results
in a corresponding temperature change in the
observer.
Thirty-six healthy participants (age; 22.9±3.1
yrs) each observed, then rated, eight purpose-made videos
(3 min duration) that depicted actors with either their
right or left hand in visibly warm (warm videos) or cold
water (cold videos). Four control videos with the actors'
hand in front of the water were also shown. Temperature
of participant observers' right and left hands was
concurrently measured using a thermistor within a
Wheatstone bridge with a theoretical temperature
sensitivity of <0.0001°C. Temperature data were
analysed in a repeated measures ANOVA (temperature *
actor's hand * observer's hand).
Participants rated the videos showing hands immersed
in cold water as being significantly cooler than hands
immersed in warm water, F(1,34) = 256.67, p<0.001.
Participants' own hands also showed a significant
temperature-dependent effect: hands were significantly
colder when observing cold vs. warm videos F(1,34) =
13.83, p = 0.001 with post-hoc t-test demonstrating a
significant reduction in participants' own left (t(35) =
-3.54, p = 0.001) and right (t(35) = -2.33, p = 0.026)
hand temperature during observation of cold videos but no
change to warm videos (p>0.1). There was however no
evidence of left-right mirroring of these temperature
effects p>0.1).
Sensitivity to temperature contagion was also
predicted by inter-individual differences in self-report
empathy.
The authors illustrate physiological contagion of
temperature in healthy individuals, suggesting that
empathetic understanding for primary low-level
physiological challenges (as well as more complex
emotions) are grounded in somatic simulation
La perception
contagieuse du froid ressenti par autrui
Pendant les interactions sociales, nos propres
réponses physiologiques influencent celles des
autres.
La synchronisation des réponses physiologiques
et comportementales peut faciliter la
compréhension émotionnelle et la
cohérence du groupe grâce à
l'inter-subjectivité. Dans ce travail, les auteurs
étudient si l'observation d'indices indiquant un
changement de la température du corps entraine un
changement de la température perçue par
l'observateur.
La sensibilité à la contagion de la
température est prédit par des
différences inter-individuelles dans
l'auto-évaluation de l'empathie.
Chez les individus sains, la contagion de la
perception de la température suggère que
l'empathie est basée sur des fondations de
compréhension de phénomènes
physiologiques 'de bas niveaux' moins compliqués
que les émotions.
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) has been shown to
mediate many of the behavioral effects of
psychostimulants associated with high abuse potential.
This study extended the assessment of the highly
selective D3R antagonist PG01037 on cocaine and
methamphetamine (MA) self-administration to include a
food-drug choice procedure.
Eight male rhesus monkeys (n = 4/group) served as
subjects in which complete cocaine and MA dose-response
curves were determined daily in each session. When choice
was stable, monkeys received acute and five-day treatment
of PG01037 (1.0-5.6 mg/kg, i.v.). Acute administration of
PG01037 was effective in reallocating choice from cocaine
to food and decreasing cocaine intake, however, tolerance
developed by day 5 of treatment.
Up to doses that disrupted responding, MA choice and
intake were not affected by PG01037 treatment. PG01037
decreased total reinforcers earned per session and the
behavioral potency was significantly greater on MA-food
choice compared to cocaine-food choice. Furthermore, the
acute efficacy of PG01037 was correlated with the
sensitivity of the D3/D2R agonist quinpirole to elicit
yawning.
These data suggest (1) that efficacy of D3R compounds
in decreasing drug choice is greater in subjects with
lower D3R, perhaps suggesting that it is percent
occupancy that is the critical variable in determining
efficacy and (2) differences in D3R activity in chronic
cocaine vs. MA users. Although tolerance developed to the
effects of PG01037 treatment on cocaine choice, tolerance
did not develop to the disruptive effects on
food-maintained responding.
These findings suggest that combination treatments
that decrease cocaine-induced elevations in DA may
enhance the efficacy of D3R antagonists on cocaine
self-administration.
