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Imiter pour découvrir l'humain  
Psychologie, neurobiologie, robotique et philosophie de l'esprit
Jean Decety et JacquelineNadel
collection psychologie et sciences de la pensée PUF ed (Paris)
 
A PET Exploration of the Neural Mechanisms Involved in Reciprocal Imitation
J Decety, T Chaminade, J Grèzes, AN Meltzoff
 NeuroImage
2002; 15; 265-272
 
Is perceptual anticipation a motor simulation ? A PET study
T Chaminade, D Meary, JP Orliaguet, J Decety
 NeuroReport
4/12/01; vol 12; n 17
 
Does the End Justify the Means? A PET Exploration
of the Mechanisms Involved in Human Imitation
T Chaminade, AN. Meltzoff, J Decety
 NeuroImage
2002; vol 15; 318-328
 
Naturaliser l'empathie
Decety J.
L'Encéphale
2002, 28 : 9-20
 
Neural correlates of feeling sympathy
Decety J. & Chaminade T. Neuropsychologia
Special issue on Social Cognition
2003. 41(2) : 127-138
 
Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases
Preston SD, de Waal F
Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley Living Links, Yerkes Primate Center and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta
 
Empathy and contagion of yawning: a behavioral continuity related to a behavioral discontinuity
Deputte BL , Walusinski O
 
 Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas
Carr L, Iacoboni M, Dubeau MC, Mazziotta JC, Lenzi GL
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2003 Apr; 100; 5497-502
 
The manifold nature of interpersonal relations: the quest for a common mechanism
Gallese V
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
2003: 358; 1431; 517-28
 
Characterization of empathy deficits following prefrontal brain damage: the role of the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Shamay-Tsoory SG, R Tomer
J Cogn Neurosci
2003; 15; 3; 324-37

mise à jour du
7 août 2003
Cogn Brain Res
2003;17(2):223-227
pdf
Contagious yawning: the role of self-awareness
and mental state attribution
Platek SM, SR Critton, TE Myers, GG Gallup
Department of Psychology, University of New York, Albany, USA

Chat-logomini

 Tous les articles sur la contagion du bâillement
All articles about contagious yawning
 
Abstract : Contagious yawning is a common, but poorly understood phenomenon. We hypothesized that contagious yawning is part of a more general phenomenon known as mental state attribution (i.e. the ability to inferentially model the mental states of others). To test this hypothesis we compared susceptibility to contagiously yawn with performance on a self-face recognition task, several theory of mind stories, and on a measure of schizotypal personality traits. Consistent with the hypothesis, susceptibility to contagiously yawn was positively related to performance on self-face recognition and faux pas theory of mind stories, and negatively related to schizotypal personality traits. These data suggest that contagious yawning may be associated with empathic aspects of mental state attribution and are negatively affected by increases in schizotypal personality traits much like other self-processing related tasks.
 
1 . Introduction
Contagious yawning, the onset of a yawn triggered by seeing, hearing, reading, or thinking about another person yawning, is a common phenomenon. Here we show that individual differences in susceptibility to contagious yawning are related to performance on self-face recognition and theory of mind story tasks.
 
We hypothesized that contagious yawning occurs as a consequence of a theory of mind, the ability to infer or empathize with what others want, know, or intend to do. Seeing or hearing about another person yawn may tap a primitive neurological substrate responsible for self-awareness and empathic modeling which produces a corresponding response in oneself. To test this hypothesis we examined susceptibility to contagious yawning with performance on a self-face recognition task and several theory of mind stories.
 
Schizotypal personality traits found in non-clinical populations that show proximate similar, but less severe schizophrenic traits and are negatively correlated with performance on mental state attribution and self-recognition tasks, were also measured.
[...]
5 . General discussion
Thus, in contrast to those that were unaffected by seeing someone yawn, people who showed contagious yawning identified their own faces faster, did better at making inferences about mental states, and exhibited fewer schizotypal personality characteristics. These results suggest that contagious yawning might be related to selfawareness and empathic processing. Our data also imply that contagious yawning may reside in brain substrates which have been implicated in self-recognition and mental state attribution, namely the right prefrontal cortex.
 
In conclusion, since high scores on the SPQ were negatively correlated with contagious yawning, and SPQ is related to schizophrenia symptomatology, schizophretwice patients should show little or no contagious yawning given that they also show a deficit in their ability to both recognize themselves and attribute mental states to others. Further, we would hypothesize that only those species that exhibit self-recognition and mental state attribution (humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans) ought also exhibit contagious yawning.
 
 
Yawning Surprising facts ans misleading myths about our health Anahad O'Connor

Télécharger au format PDF, l'article sur la réplication du bâillement du site http://www.baillement.com
 
What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience
Andrew N. Meltzoff & Jean Decety
Center for Mind, Brain & Learning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B
2003; 358, 491Ð500
 
At the border of the replication of yawning :
Both developmental and neurophysiological research suggest a common coding between perceived and generated actions. This shared representational network is innately wired in humans. We review psychological evidence concerning the imitative behaviour of newborn human infants. We suggest that the mechanisms involved in infant imitation provide the foundation for understanding that others are 'like me' and underlie the development of theory of mind and empathy for others. We also analyse functional neuroimaging studies that explore the neurophysiological substrate of imitation in adults. We marshal evidence that imitation recruits not only shared neural representations between the self and the other but also cortical regions in the parietal cortex that are crucial for distinguishing between the perspective of self and other. Imitation is doubly revealing: it is used by infants to learn about adults, and by scientists to understand the organization and functioning of the brain.
 
Aux frontières de la replication du bâillement :
Les recherches actuelles chez l'homme s'accordent sur l'idée que la perception des mouvements et des actions réalisés par autrui, et l'imagerie mentale de l'action partagent avec la génération de l'action intentionnelle un ensemble de régions cérébrales. Cette capacité cognitive est innée. Nous passons ici en revue les données concernant la capacité d'imitation du nouveau-né. Nous suggérons que les mécanismes sous-tendant la capacité de l'enfant à imiter sont à la base de la compréhension que "l'autre est comme moi" et sous-tendent le développement de la théorie de l'esprit et la capacité à partager des émotions ou empathie. Nous passons en revue les études d'imagerie fonctionnelle explorant les capacités d'imitation de l'adulte. Nous montrons ainsi que le cortex pariétal joue un rôle crucial dans la distinction entre le soi et l'autre. Ces études offrent une assise neurophysiologique objective au concept de représentations partagées entre plusieurs personnes qui seraient le fondement de la communication sociale et de l'intersubjectivité. L'imitation prouve deux choses : elle est utilisée par l'enfant pour apprendre au contact des adultes et d'autre part elle permet aux scientifiques de mieux appréhender l'organisation et le fonctionnement du cerveau.
 
Définir l'empathie : L'empathie est-elle une simulation mentale de la subjectivité d'autrui ?
 
irm
cliché extrait du site du Pr J Decety
 
Admettant que le développement du cortex frontal (moteur) et préfrontal (prémoteur) est spécifique aux bipèdes, on peut proposer que la replication du bâillement, véritable échokinésie pour reprendre ce mot inventé par JM Charcot, est:

- une spécificité humaine interprétée comme un mimétisme comportementale

- alors que l'observation d'un comportement moteur d'autrui est mimée par les aires motrices de l'observateur et le plus souvent non suivi d'actes moteurs par inhibition frontale, le bâillement serait-il, lui, sous certaine condition de niveau de vigilance, le résultat d'une imitation non inhibée ?
- la replication du bâillement aurait conféré un avantage sélectif en permettant une synchonisation efficace des niveaux de vigilance entre les membres d'un groupe. Elle participerait d'une forme d'empathie instinctive involontaire, probablement apparue tardivement au cours de l'évolution des primates.(J Decéty : «un composant de l'empathie est la résonance motrice dont le déclenchement est le plus souvent automatique et non intentionnel et qui plonge ses racines dans l'histoire évolutive de nos ancêtres les primates non humains»)
  
Andrew N. Meltzoff : «It is important to distinguish between emotional contagion and true empathy, which is different in that it involves the capacity to hold both your own emotional state and another's simultaneously - rather than to just "catch" their emotion and feel it as your own. On the basis of the research in infants, emotional contagion precede empathy in developmental terms and preceding both of these, in the very youngest newborn babies, is the ability to imitate another's actions and expressions.»
 
Contagious yawning: the role of self-awareness and mental state attribution Platek SMet al
Yearning to yawn: the neural basis of contagious yawning Schurmann, Hari et al
Contagious yawning and the brain Platek S, Mohamed F, Gallup G
 
Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas Laurie Carr, Marco Iacoboni
The perception-behavior expressway:automatic effects of social perception on social behavior
 
voir aussi :
Neural systems involved in "Theory of Mind" M Siegal & R Varley
Nature Reviews Neuroscience june 2002; vol 3; p463-471
 
Neural basis of deciding, choosing, and acting J. Schall
Nature Reviews Neuroscience january 2001; vol2; p33-42
 
The neurochemical hypothesis of "theory of mind" A. Abu-Akel
Medical Hypotheses 2003; 60; 3; p382-386
 
Cortical Mechanisms of Human Imitation  M Iacoboni,, G Rizzolatti
Resonance behaviors and mirror neurons G Rizzolatti, V Gallese
How do we represent the minds of others ? in Social cognition and the human brain Ralph Adolphs
Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action G Rizzolatti, V Gallese
From the perception of action to the understanding of intention J Decety