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18 novembre 2002
 American Journal of Primatology
1998; 45; 2; 215
lexique
Frequencies and contexts of gape yawn displays of free-ranging Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus Patas)
E.L. Zucker, M.S. Gerald, and J.R. Kaplan
Department of Psychology, Loyola University, New Orleans, University of California at Los Angeles; Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Chat-logomini

While the patas monkey repertoire of displays has been described, few quantitative data have been published.
 
Here, the sequencies and contexts of gape yawn displays of various age/sex classes are presented and compared, based on 400 hours of ad libitum data collected on a free-ranging group [1 adult resident male (RM); 18 adult females; 22 immatures] at La Parguera, PR (1977-78).
 
The RM produced 75% (239/ 319) of the gape yawns observed (0.60/hr), with 69% of his total in the birth season (June-August) versus in the breeding season (December-February); adult females accounted for 17% of the total (0.14/hr; 70% in the breeding season).
 
For the RM, 54 yawns (22% of his total) were directed towards animate targets, suggesting an agonistic function (6% towards group members, 9% towards rhesus monkeys on the island, 7% towards observers); the remaining displays occurred while scanning or approaching and using the feeding/drinking areas.
 
Four additional yawn displays occurred in sexual contexts. Adult females and immatures directed 40% of their total towards animate targets (7.5% towards group members, 5% towards rhesus, and 28% towards observers).
 
Thus, while the adult male emitted more gape yawn displays than did other age/sex class members, a significantly smaller proportion were directed towards specific targets (z = 4.82, p < .01), supporting previous findings that male patas are socially peripheralized and oriented towards extragroup, generalized threats.
  monkeymacaque
 
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The influence of age, sex, and rank on yawning behavior in two species of macaques (M. fascicularis and M. fuscata)
Troisi A; Aureli F; Schino, G; Rinaldi F; and De Angeli N

Chat-logomini

Hypothesis:Three kinds of yawns exist physiological yawns (during transitions of waking to sleeping), stress or anxiety yawns, and threat yawns involving canine display.
 
Yawning is displayed more frequently in males than females because of plasma levels of androgens (see Redican, 1975 and Goy and Resko, 1972). Male yawning increases through adolescence and jumps dramatically as males enter early adulthood (when plasma levels of testosterone start to rise), whereas female yawning increases only slightly, if at all, after infancy.
 
The highest-ranking male in the dominance hierarchy tends to yawn at a much higher rate than other group members (Hadidian, 1980). These finding are expected to be replicable in long-tailed and Japanese macaques and this study set out to find if that is true.
 
Method: Subjects of both species were captive groups. Long tailed macaque data was collected over five months for a total of 117 hours of observation. During 81 hours of this observation behaviors other than yawns were observed and so data may be an underestimation as yawns may have been missed altogether by the observer. Data on Japanese macaques was collected over two periods, one 5 months the other 4 months, and a total of 262 hours of observation was made (107 and 155 hours respectively). Differences of hourly rate of yawning was assessed by two way ANOVA. Correlations between dominance rank and frequency of yawning were calculate by using Spearmans correlation coefficient.
 
Results: Japanese macaques yawned much more than long-tailed macaques. In the long-tailed macaques, sex differences in frequency of yawning emerged only after sexual maturity; yawning rates increased significantly in bothe males and females as they approached sexual maturity; and, among males, dominance rank was positively correlated with frequency of yawning.
 
Differently, in the Japanese macaques, males, both mature and immature, yawned more than same-aged females; sexual maturity was associated with an increase in yawning in males only; and male rank did not correlate with the frequency of yawning. Discussion: Age, sex, and dominance rank exerted different effects on yawning in the two species. Regardless of interspecific differences, the overall results supported only in part the finding that, in Old World monkeys, yawning is largely influenced by plasma concentrations of androgens.
 
There was evidence that social factors were also important in influencing the age-sex class distribution of yawning. Caldecott (1986) has proposed two group classification of macaque societies. Japanese macaques belong to one group (M. mulatta, M. fuscata, M. nemstrina, and M.selinu ) and are characterized by antagonistic inter-male relationships and a multiple mount copulation pattern. The other group (comprised of M. sylvanus, M. radiata, M. arctoides and M. tonkeana) show relaxed inter-male relationships and a single mount copulation pattern. Long tailed macaques display both single- and multiple-mount copulations (Caldecott, 1986), and agonistic behavior characteristic of both of the groups but not more so one or the other (Thierry, 1985), and are thus considered to be an intermediate species between the two groups.
 
A correlation between agonistic behavior and yawning frequency is thus assumed aswell. It is possible that most of the yawns emitted by low ranking males were a result of conflict or stress, whereas yawns by high-ranking males were made as intimidating displays. Conclusions: Macaque yawning has a complex causation which is likely to result from an interaction between hormonal and social factors.
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Frequencies and contexts of gape yawn displays of free-ranging Patas Monkeys
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